Bon vs. Bien, the Confusing French Pair

Bon and bien are often confused because they have somewhat similar meanings and they can both be adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. See the summary table at the bottom. Adjectives Bon is usually an adjective. It modifies a noun and means good, suitable, efficient, correct, useful, etc. Bien means good, moral, right, healthy, etc., and can only be used as an adjective with copular (state-of-being) verbs such as à ªtre. Il est bon tudiant. He is a good student. Il est bien comme tudiant.He is a good student. Jai pass une bonne soire. I had a nice evening. a serait bien !That would be good! Il a bon cur. He has a good/kind heart. Trs bien ! Very good! Ce timbre nest pas bon. This stamp is not valid. Je suis bien partout.Im at ease anywhere. Luc est bon pour le service. Luc is fit for (military) service. Ce nest pas bien de dire a.Its not nice to say that. Je le trouve bien.I think its nice. Adverbs of Manner Bien is usually an adverb. It means well or can be used to stress something. Bon, in the rare instances where it is used as an adverb, means good or pleasant. Jai bien dormi. I slept well. Il fait bon ici.Its nice/pleasant here. Il se porte bien. He is in good health. Il fait bon vivre.Its good to be alive. Je vais bien, merci. I am well, thank you. Il fait bon tudier.Its good to study. La radio ne marche pas bien. The radio isnt working right. a sent bon !That smells good! Je le vois bien souvent. I see him quite often. Jai bien dit a. I *did* say that. Nouns Bon can be a noun that refers to any sort of important or official piece of paper: form, bond, coupon, voucher, etc. Bien means good in the general sense, and biens means goods (as opposed to services). un bon vue demand note le bien publicpublic good un bon de caisse cash voucher le bien et le malgood and evil un bon de commande order form dire du bien deto speak well of un bon de livraison delivery slip faire du bien quelquunto do someone good un bon de rduction coupon les biens dun magasina stores goods un bon du Trsor Treasury bond biens immobiliersreal estate En rà ©sumà © Bon Bien adjective good well adverb nice well noun form, bond good(s)

The Section 702 Of The Legislation - 1862 Words

The section 702 of the †¦ legislation is a question that should be debated for many ends. This section raises questions that worry scholars across disciplines: human right activists, political philosophers, lawyers, etc. One reason for its controversialness is the double standard that it uses to justify surveillance of US persons (US citizens and foreigners in US land) and non US persons (foreigners outside the US). For US citizens, whether or not they are in US territory, Section 702 does not allow US intelligence agencies to intercept their information or to put them on record. To put US persons on record, the NSA or other intelligence agencies should seek a warrant from the court after showing a probable cause that specific US persons†¦show more content†¦I will then analyze the 3rd recommendation of the paper â€Å"Liberty and Security†, which demands that â€Å"surveillance must not be directed at illicit or illegitimate ends, such as the theft of trade sec rets or obtaining commercial gain for domestic industries,† and argue that even if this motive may not be the main reason why foreign surveillance is conducted, it can be an unintended but useful – or rather unfair – consequence of easy collection of foreign intelligence, especially when considering the difference in technological capabilities between countries in the world. Finally, I am going to argue that, for the socio-economic benefit of globalization and international trade, it should be made equally harder for US intelligence agencies to collect information on non-US persons as it is to collect US-persons’ private information. Otherwise, this double standard can have – or maybe already has – negative consequences on trust between nations. This is an interesting approach to the assignment, Serges. One question that it raises is whether the distinctions between US persons and foreigners are morally justified—do you focus on the practical arguments about globalization because you think that it is morally acceptable to make the distinctions that section 702 makes and the only basis for opposing them is to point to their practical consequences? 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Family Structure in India Free Essays

string(938) " of whom only one is having spouse c\) Supplemented Broken Nuclear: Head without spouse with or without unmarried children but with other unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed relation It includes both lineally extended and collaterally extended families a\) Lineally extended family : Head and spouse with married son\(s\)/daughter\(s\) and their spouses and parents with or without other not currently married relation\(s\) \(OR\) Head without spouse but with at least two married son\(s\) and daughter\(s\) and their spouses and/or parents with or without other not currently married relations b\) Collaterally extended family : Head and spouse with married brother\(s\)/sister\(s\) and their spouses with or without other relation\(s\) \[including married relation\(s\)\] \(OR\) Head without spouse but with at least two married brothers/sisters and their spouses with or without other relations Joint Family 3 Source: Chakravorty, C\." Niranjan, S. ; Sureender, S. and Rao, G. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Structure in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rama. : Family Structure in India Evidence from NFHS. Demography India. 27(2). 1998. P. 287-300. Family Structure in India – Evidence from NFHS S. Niranjan, S. Sureenderand G. Rama Rao Introduction With the increase in the urbanization and industrialization, the concept of family in India, which once was to create and maintain a common culture among the members of the family, is undergoing changes. However according to Beteille (1964), inspite of socio-economic and political changes, family life and family structure have remained as an integral part of Indian society with the ‘spirit of family solidarity’ as the sustaining power. Ross (1961) found that many Indians went through changes in the type of family in which they lived in various sequences: large joint family, small joint family, nuclear family, and nuclear family with dependants. D’Souza (1971) argues that, the Indian family has been subjected to stress and strain, and inspite of resistance to change over the centuries, is slowly undergoing a process of change significantly. According to Cohen (1981) â€Å"households have reputedly been shrinking in size for ten thousand years or more, right up to the present, and this is a result of an evolving technology that requires fewer co-operating people to secure food, rear children, and look after the sick†. Though it is generally felt that joint families, whose members were bound together by ties of common ancestry and common property dominate in the past, there are diverging views regarding the same. Gore (1968) says, â€Å"the fraternal or collateral joint family was never the most common form†. Goode (1968) asserts that the large joint family was not common at any time in India perhaps because of the great forces of fission, initially between daughters-in-law and later between brothers. In a study of three villages located in three different districts in Karnataka state, two-thirds of the families were nuclear and the rest were different forms of joint family (Rao, Kulkarni and Rayappa, 1986). Although it can be argued that over the years joint family is slowly giving way to nuclear families, a number of studies reveal that despite the fact of living in the nuclear family set-up many functional relationships are maintained with the nonresidential family members (Agarwala, 1962; Desai, 1964; Kapadia, 1969; Gore, 1968). As still in India most of the marriages are arranged by the parents, marital life begins in the parents family and later depending on the situation, a dwelling unit is arranged by the parents or other older members of the family (Richard et 1 al. , 1985). Hence, it is possible that the decisions taken by the members of the nuclear family are guided by their parents and relatives. However, this to an extent depends on the different types of family structure. Generally, family types are classified conveniently in many of the studies as nuclear and joint families. In such a case, it would be rather difficult to conclude meaningfully about the significance of these family types on its family members. To be precise, family types are classified differently by various scholars. Kapadia (1969) have identified two broad family types namely; nuclear and joint/extended, while Richard et al. (1985) and Caldwell et al. (1988) have classified into nuclear, stem, joint, joint-stem and others. To understand this issue further it would be necessary to understand the changes in the family structure at the macro level i. . , India over the years, which to an extent has been attempted in this paper. Objectives The specific objectives of this paper are: (i) to understand the change in family structure at two points of time i. e. , in 1981 (census) and 1992-93 (NFHS), in different states of India, (ii) to study the differentials in family structure by different socio-economic characteristics of the head of the family at the all-India level. Sources of Data The d ata for this paper is obtained from National Family Health Survey, which was conducted during 1992-93. The primary objective of the survey is to provide national and state-level data on different demographic and socio-economic determinants in respect of family planning, maternal and child health indicators. The survey also collected the information at three levels-Village, Household and Individual levels. The data for this paper is obtained from the Household questionnaire, which contains information, related to age, sex, martial status, education, occupation and relationship to the head of the household for all usual residents as well as for the visitors who slept last night in the house. In addition, the household questionnaire also included information on housing conditions, such as the source of water supply, type of toilet facility, land owning, type of house and various consumer durable goods and characteristics of the head of the household such as religion, caste and place of residence. A total of 88,562 households were interviewed in India over all, of which two-thirds are from rural areas. All these 88,562 households contains more than 5,50,000 persons, of which 4,99,369 are only the usual residents in the survey. Hence, for the present 2 paper the above mentioned particulars are analyzed only for the usual residents in the family. For the comparative purpose, the information on Household Structure in India pertaining to 1981 census published by the Registrar General of India is used (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991). Although the two sources of information are different i. e. , census and survey, and hence not to be compared, due to the lack of other sources of information, this attempt is undertaken. Methodology To know the distribution of family structure in India, following classifications are considered: Type of family Single Member Nuclear Broken Nuclear Supplemented Nuclear Definition The respondent who is alone This type of family includes Nuclear pair i. e. , Head and spouse with or without unmarried children Head without spouse but with unmarried children It includes three types of families a) Supplemented Nuclear : Head and spouse with or without unmarried children but with other relations who are not currently having spouses. ) Broken Extended Nuclear : Head without spouse but with other relations of whom only one is having spouse c) Supplemented Broken Nuclear: Head without spouse with or without unmarried children but with other unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed relation It includes both lineally extended and collaterally extended families a) Lineally extended family : Head and spouse with married son(s)/daughter(s) and their spouses and parents with or without oth er not currently married relation(s) (OR) Head without spouse but with at least two married son(s) and daughter(s) and their spouses and/or parents with or without other not currently married relations b) Collaterally extended family : Head and spouse with married brother(s)/sister(s) and their spouses with or without other relation(s) [including married relation(s)] (OR) Head without spouse but with at least two married brothers/sisters and their spouses with or without other relations Joint Family 3 Source: Chakravorty, C. You read "Family Structure in India" in category "Essay examples" and A. K. Singh. , 1991, Household Structures in India, Census of India 1991, Occasional Paper No. 1, Office of the Registrar General of India, New Delhi. Although there are varying definitions for classifying family structure, the above mentioned definitions are considered in this paper mainly to have a comparison with the 1981 census. The various background characteristics considered in the analysis to describe the differentials in family type are: (1) Educational level of the head of family: (Illiterate, Literate-upto Primary, Middle complete, High school and above); (2) Place of Residence (Urban, Rural); and (3) Religion of the respondent (Hindu, Muslim and Others); (4) Caste of the respondent (Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste and Others); (5) Sex of the head of family (Male, Female); (6) Landowning Status (Yes, No); (7) Age of the head of family (less than 40 years, 40-60 years and 60 and above); (8) Size of family (Small i. e. 1-3 members, Medium i. e. 4-6 members, Large i. e. 7-9 members, Very Large i. e. , 10 and above). Results The data for urban areas (Table 1) reveals that in 1992-93; almost half of the urban population in India live in nuclear families and 23 percent, 20 percent in joint family and supplemented nuclear families respectively. The percentage of single member and broken nuclear families together is only 6 percent. As compared to 1981 census, there has been a decline in the single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear families in 1992-93 and the percentage of nuclear and joint families has increased over the years (Graph 1). 4 Table 1: Percentage Distribution of Different Type of Families in States/UTs of India for Urban Areas in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 Census Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 7. 91 4. 24 46. 77 23. 64 17. 08 5. 76 4. 42 52. 46 24. 47 12. 89 -4. 25 3. 25 4. 31 8. 53 4. 30 4. 39 6. 13 3. 8 4. 09 7. 61 7. 94 5. 41 5. 04 4. 53 3. 11 5. 40 -7. 03 3. 86 5. 27 7. 89 6. 21 6. 19 4. 93 3. 74 8. 81 7. 47 -42. 41 48. 43 49. 09 37. 35 48. 79 44. 13 42. 62 44. 91 44. 20 52. 95 43. 42 45. 46 49. 47 49. 17 43. 57 42. 09 -47. 35 47. 12 45. 52 51. 64 56. 33 49. 30 50. 15 51. 09 45. 06 20. 22 -23. 65 24. 04 20. 14 21. 45 20. 55 30. 06 32. 83 25. 08 19. 80 20. 00 31. 23 32. 52 23. 42 19. 63 24. 82 31. 99 -17. 92 20. 98 26. 44 21. 70 5. 10 21. 64 22. 00 20. 88 26. 78 53. 53 -20. 09 17. 98 18. 16 7. 94 20. 94 15. 06 14. 35 16. 81 21. 07 15. 11 5. 78 2. 60 10. 21 19. 41 19. 72 5. 60 -17. 30 20. 47 12. 94 5. 32 1. 95 8. 33 13. 46 12. 97 7. 35 5. 6 1992-93 NFHS Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 3. 2 3. 3 49. 8 20. 2 23. 4 1. 5 2. 6 54. 3 20. 3 21. 3 3. 5 1. 1 5. 1 1. 5 5. 3 1. 5 2. 2 1. 5 3. 0 2. 6 1. 4 2. 0 -4. 5 1. 2 3. 6 -2. 8 3. 5 3. 2 5. 0 -7. 6 –5. 1 4. 1 -3. 9 1. 3 3. 5 2. 0 3. 5 3. 3 3. 3 4. 7 2. 7 3. 6 5. 2 3. 0 4. 8 3. 0 2. 8 2. 2 -3. 5 5. 2 3. 2 4. 0 -2. 8 –2. 4 5. 2 -43. 6 44. 3 47. 9 52. 0 56. 2 48. 1 46. 2 50. 6 45. 9 47. 2 54. 2 41. 1 75. 8 55. 0 51. 3 54. 3 -5 0. 8 48. 5 51. 3 40. 7 -55. 6 –50. 0 52. 3 -21. 3 18. 7 19. 0 18. 0 16. 2 18. 9 24. 8 22. 6 20. 5 20. 5 18. 8 28. 7 9. 7 20. 0 20. 3 17. 2 -25. 7 21. 4 18. 5 22. 3 -20. 1 –17. 6 21. 8 -27. 7 34. 24. 6 26. 5 18. 7 28. 1 23. 4 20. 6 27. 9 26. 1 20. 3 25. 2 9. 7 17. 5 24. 4 22. 6 -17. 2 21. 4 23. 8 28. 0 -13. 9 –24. 9 16. 6 -Total No. of cases 28747 1093 1227 1082 1359 1033 1035 987 1449 1213 1457 1753 345 202 227 1290 937 1096 -1445 229 2302 1080 -144 –3371 1827 — India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 9. 60 Gujarat 6. 30 Haryana 8. 25 Himachal 24. 73 Pradesh Jammu 5. 14 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 74 Kerala 4. 04 Madhya 9. 54 Pradesh Maharashtra 7. 87 Manipur 4. 07 Meghalaya 11. 56 Nagaland 14. 01 Orissa 11. 76 Punjab 6. 92 Rajasthan 8. 74 Sikkim 14. 92 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 8. 00 Uttar Pradesh 7. 47 West Bengal 9. 82 Union Territories A. N. slands 13. 45 Arunachal 24. 77 Pradesh Chandigarh 14. 54 D. N. Haveli 9. 46 Delhi 9. 34 Goa, Daman 11. 39 Diu Lakshadwe ep 12. 92 5 Mizoram 5. 64 7. 43 42. 46 36. 54 7. 93 1. 8 5. 7 49. 6 27. 5 15. 5 561 Table 2: Percentage Distribution of Different Type of Families in States/UTs of India for Rural in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 Census Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 5. 15 4. 58 42. 79 26. 19 21. 18 5. 85 4. 88 48. 82 24. 03 16. 42 -4. 72 3. 35 4. 28 8. 35 4. 42 5. 29 7. 14 3. 67 4. 67 6. 91 10. 11 8. 84 5. 66 4. 55 3. 24 7. 94 -5. 99 4. 12 4. 17 4. 62 7. 74 3. 18 3. 75 2. 98 11. 15 -40. 73 43. 92 42. 32 33. 8 42. 11 41. 79 46. 06 37. 83 42. 64 59. 63 56. 04 59. 82 47. 56 45. 03 36. 65 48. 32 -53. 05 39. 51 49. 07 51. 21 61. 73 42. 65 48. 98 43. 13 41. 79 -25. 47 25. 92 24. 20 31. 43 24. 62 29. 92 30. 01 28. 58 19. 77 17. 30 20. 66 17. 98 24. 58 23. 80 32. 64 25. 40 -18. 55 27. 57 25. 58 19. 65 4. 06 22. 80 21. 84 23. 54 28. 42 -24. 84 21. 98 25. 79 16. 97 24. 76 17. 71 13. 36 23. 09 27. 08 13. 05 6. 68 4. 85 16. 96 22. 25 22. 41 9. 65 -16. 07 23. 29 16. 74 7. 75 9. 93 12. 24 18. 94 22. 29 8. 68 1992-93 NFHS Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 2. 5 3. 2 46. 3 20. 7 27. 4 2. 3 3. 0 47. 2 22. 4 25. 1 2. 9 2. 1 3. 3 0. 9 3. 1. 2 2. 7 2. 2 2. 6 2. 5 1. 4 1. 1 0. 2 2. 9 2. 1 1. 6 -4. 2 2. 4 2. 4 1. 7 -3. 7 –13. 3 4. 7 5. 1 1. 8 2. 8 1. 7 3. 4 3. 2 3. 9 4. 8 1. 9 2. 3 6. 4 4. 2 5. 1 3. 3 2. 3 1. 5 -5. 4 4. 3 2. 2 3. 2 -3. 8 –1. 0 7. 3 49. 8 40. 6 46. 4 43. 7 44. 4 49. 9 43. 4 48. 6 41. 5 43. 1 58. 6 54. 9 73. 8 47. 7 50. 6 43. 4 -53. 6 46. 9 41. 0 48. 0 -49. 7 –49. 7 45. 9 23. 7 18. 3 19. 8 18. 4 20. 5 18. 1 24. 6 21. 9 18. 6 23. 0 16. 2 19. 3 9. 4 21. 6 18. 4 18. 6 -22. 3 26. 7 20. 4 22. 6 -19. 1 –15. 7 25. 5 18. 6 37. 1 27. 7 35. 3 28. 2 27. 6 25. 3 22. 5 35. 5 29. 1 17. 4 20. 4 11. 5 24. 6 26. 6 34. 9 -14. 5 19. 7 33. 9 22. 4 -23. 7 –20. 3 16. 6 Total No. f cases 59534 3106 2021 3627 2509 1702 2074 1850 2813 3162 4391 2306 740 788 828 3288 2276 3901 -2837 908 7738 3141 -815 – 300 1888 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 4. 24 Gujarat 4. 83 Haryana 3. 33 Himachal 9. 47 Pradesh Jammu 3. 59 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 08 Kerala 3. 43 Madhya 6. 39 Pradesh Maharashtra 5. 80 Manipur 2. 92 Meghalaya 6. 45 Nagaland 8. 51 Orissa 4. 90 Punjab 4. 16 Rajasthan 5. 00 Sikkim 8. 69 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 4. 26 Uttar Pradesh 5. 47 West Bengal 4. 42 Union Territories A. N. islands 16. 77 Arunachal 11. 03 Pradesh Chandigarh 19. 13 D. N. Haveli 6. 49 Delhi 6. 40 Goa, Daman 9. 54 Diu 6 Lakshadweep 9. 24 Mizoram 3. 60 11. 27 6. 72 17. 22 49. 85 61. 07 27. 45 1. 20 12. 38 -1. 9 -3. 2 -61. 5 -21. 7 -11. 6 -525 In rural areas, while 46 percent and 27 percent of families belong to nuclear and joint types respectively in 1992-93, and the percentage of families in supplemented nuclear, broken nuclear and single member type are 21, 3 and 3 respectively. As compared to 1981 census, the pattern of change in urban areas in different family types is almost the same as in the rural areas in 1992-93 (Graph 2). As compared to urban areas, the single member households are less frequent in rural areas. It is obvious that persons who migrate to urban areas have to stay single for quite a long period of time, hence this type of families is found to be slightly more in the urban areas. In different states of India, in 1992-93, the percentage of nuclear families in the urban areas, is high in Nagaland (76 percent) and low in case of Bihar (44 percent) and Uttar Pradesh (51 percent). In the less developed states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, a high proportion of joint families could possibly indicate the traditional nature of the society and the lack of significant occupational mobility found among the people of the state. In case of Nagaland, it could be that the tradition, which normally demands newly, weds to set up as a separate family and also along with the absence of large landholding result in higher proportion of nuclear families. Although, there is an increase in joint families in 1992-93 as compared to 1981, it is found to be more pronounced in urban areas than in rural areas in most of the states of India. In the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Orissa, Goa, Daman Diu, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, the proportion of supplemented nuclear type of families are higher than the joint type of families in 1992-93. A few plausible reasons for the same are given below: 7 (a) Migration is an important component which forces the members of the natal family to stay together usually revolving around one married couple and sharing the economic assets and income. For instance, when a person migrates for work he leaves his wife, children behind with his parents, hence in such a society the supplemented nuclear families are expected to be more. Similar is the situation, in case of a person who migrates to urban areas and is forced to stay with his relatives, due to lack of housing. (b) The increase in the socioeconomic development of the society also leads to increase in the status of women. And as the status of women in the family and in the society being high, it is expected that the chances of divorce/separation would also be high in case of marital incompatibility between the partners. This is found to be true in case of Kerala where the status of women and the divorce rates are high (Sureender et al. 1992). In this situation too, there is a possibility of the supplemented nuclear families to be more in the society. In general, there has been a decline in single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear type of families, while an increase is observed in nuclear and joint families as compared to 1981 in most of the states of India. While the decline in the proportion of single and broken nuclear families could be largely attributed to improvement in the health conditions of the population over the years, whereas the following reasons could be thought of for the increase in nuclear families. †¢ The decline in the interest of the individual towards satisfying the groups (families) interest; The problems related to housing especially in case of migrants to urban areas; The lack of adjustment between the family members especially when a bride/groom enters into the family. According to Caldwell et al. (1996), the ultimate reason for the break-up of the joint family is the friction between mother-in-law and daughter- in-law and between daughters-inlaw themselves. In the case of increasing joint families, problems related to housing could be cited as an important factor especially in urban areas, which force the couples to stay in joint families. Further, low age at marriage among girls also force the couples to stay with the parents till they attain economic independence. This implies an addition of married women in the same family, which results in the classification of the family as a joint family. Joint family also gave security to widows, physically handicapped, economically non-productive and other insecure members †¢ †¢ 8 of the society. They were thus, the ideal type of household meeting all the requirements of society in the past (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991). According to Mandelbaum (1970), people tend to remain in joint families longer when economic factors favour such families. He also argues that the poorest and the lowest groups tend to have fewest joint families, but even at these social levels, most families become joint for at least for some time after son marries. Further it was argued that even if a whole society strives towards ideal of joint families, there will inevitably be a very considerable proportion of simpler families at transitional stages in a demographic cycle because of deaths among the older generation, the departure from the joint family of surplus married brothers and other factors. Hence, even a considerable proportion of nuclear families in a population is evidence neither of change nor of the forming of that type of families. In additions to the above-mentioned ones there are obvious socioeconomic characteristics of head of the family which result in changes within the family structure. Some of these characteristics which are analysed with the family structure in this paper at the all India level are: Education, Age, Religion, Residence, Caste, Sex, Land owning status, and the size of the family. Differentials The results in Table 3 show that there is not much difference in family structure for both urban and rural areas in India as a whole. However, a considerable increase is observed in the proportion of nuclear families in urban areas compared to rural areas. This statement strengthens the hypothesis that the urban respondents are more likely to choose the nuclear family than the rural respondents. Table 3: Percentage Distribution of various type of Families According to the Background Characteristics of the head of Household (1992-93 NFHS Survey) Background Characteristics Type of Family Single Broken Member Nuclear 3. 7 1. 9 2. 0 2. 4 2. 5 1. 9 2. 9 5. 1 2. 6 1. 7 1. 1 3. 3 3. 8 3. 1 Number of househol ds 36067 24267 8562 19385 10587 10759 669635 Nuclear Suppl. Nuclear 21. 0 20. 2 21. 3 19. 7 20. 20. 3 20. 6 Joint Family 27. 6 27. 2 22. 8 23. 5 24. 7 22. 5 26. 9 Education Illiterate Literate-primary Middle Complete High School + Caste Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Other Castes 42. 7 48. 1 52. 2 53. 3 49. 2 51. 5 46. 5 9 Religion Hindu Muslim Sikh Others Place of Residence Urban Rural Sex of the Head Male Female La nd Owning Yes No Age of the Head ; 40 years 40-60 years 60 + Marital Status Married Separated Widowed Divorced Never married Family size Small Medium Large Very Large 2. 9 2. 2 2. 1 2. 9 3. 2 2. 5 1. 7 11. 7 2. 0 3. 5 2. 3 2. 1 5. 0 0. 8 21. 4 12. 4 12. 9 23. 2 14. 6 —- 3. 1 2. 7 4. 7 2. 5 3. 3 3. 2 0. 8 24. 2 2. 4 4. 2. 5 4. 3 2. 5 -34. 3 27. 4 30. 4 1. 5 9. 5 2. 5 0. 8 0. 1 46. 7 47. 3 52. 9 49. 2 49. 8 46. 3 51. 1 16. 1 42. 6 52. 2 57. 7 50. 3 22. 7 55. 0 —-56. 8 59. 5 30. 6 6. 6 20. 7 20. 1 19. 9 19. 3 20. 2 20. 7 18. 7 36. 2 20. 8 20. 3 23. 7 18. 2 20. 6 15. 7 37. 9 49. 4 50. 0 59. 2 15. 5 22. 7 24. 4 9. 9 26. 6 27. 7 20. 4 26. 0 23. 4 27. 4 27. 8 11. 9 32. 2 20. 1 13. 8 25. 7 49. 3 28. 5 6. 4 10. 8 6. 7 15. 5 3. 7 15. 3 44. 2 83. 4 68948 8623 8880 1830 28747 59534 79003 9273 43720 44545 32670 37152 18459 76013 688 9261 194 2110 16596 43274 20123 8288 10 A positive association is found between education of the head of the family and family structure. When the head of the family is illiterate, only 43 percent families are nuclear, the relative percentage for the heads who are educated upto high school and above, is 53 percent (Graph 3). Similarly more percentage of scheduled tribes stay in nuclear families as compared to scheduled caste and other caste people, i. e. almost 52 percent of nuclear families were found in scheduled tribes compared to 49 and 46 percent in scheduled caste and other caste people. As evidenced, more proportion of low waged population are prevalent in low caste, so always the head of the family tries to push away the married children from his house to make the family with reduced burden. This could be the plausible reason why the nuclear families are more found in low castes. Srivastava and Nauriyal (1993) also noted in Uttar Pradesh that the joint family system is found to be more popular among the higher castes than the intermediate and lower castes. It is possible that, since the land holding are more among the non-scheduled caste/tribe people, they tend to stay more in joint families compared to scheduled caste/tribe people (Caldwell et al. , 1988). In a study conducted in Karnataka, Caldwell et al. (1984) show that, among those with no land at all, 71 percent are found in nuclear families; with land upto one acre, 65 percent; with land from one to four acres, 58 percent; with over four acres 46 percent. With more resources and a need for more labour, there is more point in keeping a larger family together. A study of 5,200 households throughout Karnataka state, conducted in 1975 by the Bangalore Population Centre, recorded the percentage of different types of families as follows: 57. 3% nuclear, 30. 8% stem, 4. 7% joint, and 3. 4% joint stem. The same picture is found in this study too, i. e. , those who possess land, higher percentage stay in joint families than those with no land (Graph 4). It could be that the requirement of manpower in agricultural families and the practice of property staying with the senior citizen of the family tend to keep the joint families intact. Nimkoff (1959) also writes that in India, he joint family system is traditionally most common among the elite, the higher castes and those with more property. It is often held that joint families are especially appropriate for peasants who cultivate land, that such families, especially those who till their own la nd, favour large families and favour joint families, because the excess numbers form labour pools (Kolenda Pautine et al. , 1987). The sex of head of the family is having a significant relation in forming a particular type of the family. While 51 percent of the male headed families are found to be nuclear type and only 16 percent of nuclear families have female as head of the family. However, the picture is found different in case of the supplemented nuclear and broken nuclear families. Female-headed families are found to be more in supplemented nuclear and broken nuclear family types. While, migration of males in search of jobs could be one of the reasons which forces the females to head the supplemented nuclear families, the death of the 11 husband and to an extent the increasing divorce rate (especially in urban areas) could be some of the plausible reasons in case of more females heading the broken nuclear families. Religious differentials clearly indicate that more percentage of Sikhs (53 percent) are living in nuclear families compared to all other religions (i. e. , 46. 7, 47. 3 and 49 percent from Hindu, Muslim and other religions respectively). It has been observed in the analysis that the proportion of illiterate heads of the family in Sikh religion is considerably less as compared to the other religions. Also, it was supported that the education of the head of the family has a positive association with family structure as the education increases, the proportion of nuclear families increase. Hence, it could be one of the plausible reasons; the nuclear families are more in Sikh religion. Though, it has been found in the analysis that in India as a whole, the proportion of nuclear families are more in Sikh religion compared to other religious groups. Independently, in Punjab and Haryana the proportion of Sikh religion is more, but it comprises only 25 percent of India’s Sikh population. Our results support the contention of Kingsley Davis; â€Å"Sikhs took more seriously to education, as they are more literate than either the Hindus or the Muslims. Their high percentage in the Indian army has doubtless helped their literacy†. Also a district wise analysis of selected states in India by Kolenda Pauline et al. (1987) reveals that high joint family districts have more Hindus and substantially fewer Christians than the low joint family districts. These figures according to the authors suggest that Hindus have a preference for joint family living compared to other religions. As expected, age of the head of family is having a significant association with family structure. Joint families are found to be more among the older ones where the age of the head of family is over 60 years (49. 3 percent). While only 25. 7 percent of the middle aged beads maintain joint families, and the corresponding percentage among younger ones is 14. It is 12 felt that, always the old persons prefer to maintain their family as joint type, because to fulfil their psychological satisfaction through the youngest in the family. This finding is found to be similar to an earlier study conducted by Driver (1962) in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. A study by Morrison (1959) reveals that nuclear families are generally small and medium in size, whereas joint families are large and very large. It is equally obvious that there is considerable overlapping in the medium and large size categories so that it is not possible to say that medium sized families are always nuclear and large sized are always joint in composition. Similar type of results were noticed in this study too, that, nuclear families are generally small and medium in size and joint families are large and very large in size. To be precise, while percentage of small and medium size in nuclear families are 56. 8 and 59. 5 respectively and among the joint families are 3. 7 and 15. 3 respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of large and very large size families in nuclear type are 30. 6 and 6. 6 percent respectively as compared to 44. 2 and 83. 4 among joint families. These results clearly show that broken nuclear families and nuclear families are usually small and medium in size, whereas joint families are large in family size. Conclusion Keeping in view that the changes in family structure are inevitable partly as a result of continuing demographic change, this paper examines the changes in family structure from 1981 to 1992-93 in India. The results reveal that over the years, there has been an increase in the nuclear and joint families, although nuclear families are leading in both the rural and urban areas. On the other hand, a decline is observed in the single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear families. Nuclear families are found to be more in case of Nagaland as compared to rest of the states of India. The differentials in family structure reveals that the socio-economic background of the head of the family has a definite role to play in the growth of nuclear families in India. These changes in the family structure calls for the examination of its plausible consequences on the attitude and behaviour of the family members at the micro level. References 1. Agarwala, B. R. , 1962, Nature and extent of social change in a mobile commercial community. Sociological Bulletin, 11. 2. Beteille, A. , 1964. Family and social change in India and other South Asian Countries. Economic and Political Weekly, Annual. XVI: 237-244. 13 3. Caldwell, J. C. ; Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1984. The determinants of family structure in Rural South India. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46 (1): 215-230. 4. Caldwell, J. C. ; Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1988. The Causes of Demographic Change : Experimental Research in South India. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 5. Caldwell, J. C. , Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1996, The family in South India : Past, present and future. Social Change, 26(2) : 116-129. 6. Chakravorty, C. and Singh, A. K. , 1991. Household Structures in India. Census of India 1991. Occasional Paper No. 1. Social Studies Division, Office of the Registrar General, India. 7. Cohen, Yebudi A. , 1981. Shrinking Households. Society 48-52. 8. Desai, L. P. , 1964. Some Aspects of Family in Mahuva. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. 9. Driver, E. D. , 1962, family structure and socioeconomic status in Central India. Sociological Bulletin, 11:112-120. 10. D’Souza, A. , 1971. The Indian Family in the Changes and Challenge of the Seventies. Sterling Publisher Private Limited, New Delhi. 11. Gore, M. , 1968. Urbanization and Family Change. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. 12. Goode Willian, J. , 1968. Foreword in M. S. Gore, Urbanization and Family Change. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. 13. Gould, H. A. , 1968. Time-dimension and Structural Change in an Indian Kinship System. In: M. Singer and B. S. Cohn (eds. ). Structure and Change in Indian Society, pp. 413-42 1. Chicago. 14. Kapadia, K. M. , 1959. The family in transition. Sociological Bulletin, 8 (2): 68-99. 15. Kapadia, K. M. , 1969. Marriage and Family in India. Oxford University, Press, Bombay. 14 16. Khatri, A. A. , 1972. The Indian family: An empirically derived analysis of shifts in size and types. Journal of Marriage and the Family 34 (4): 725-734. 17. Kolenda, Pauline and Haddon, Lorraine. 1987. Marked Regional Differences in Family, Structure in India, In: Pauline Kolenda (ed. ), Regional Differences in Family Structure in India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur. 18. Krishna Moorthy, S. and Kulkarni. P. M. , 1985-86, Family formation and structure. Journal of Family Welfare. 32 (1). 19. Mandelbaum, David G. , 1970. Society in India – Continuity and Change (Vol. 1). University of California Press, London. 20. Morrison, W. A. , 1959. Family types in Badlapur: An analysis of a changing institution in a Maharashtrian Village. Sociological Bulletin, 8 (2): 45-67. 21. Nimkoff, M. F. , 1959, The family in India. Sociological Bulletin. 8 (2): 32-58. 22. Nimkoff, M. F. and Middleton, R. 1960. Types of family and types of economy. American Journal of Sociology, 66 (3): 215-225. 23. Rao, N. Bhaskara, Kulkarni, P. M. , Rayappa and P. Hanumantha, 1986, Determinants of Fertility Decline: A Study of Rural Karnataka. South Asia Publishers, New Delhi. 24. Reddy, P. H. and others, 1975, Dual Record System. Population Research Centre, Bangalore. 25. Richard, J. , et al. , 1985, Family type and the aged. The Journal of Family Welfare, 31 (4): 31-38. 26. Ross, A. D. , 1961, The Hindu Family in its Urban Setting. Toronto: Oxford University Press. 27. Srivastava, K. K. and Nauriyal, D. K. 1993, Family structure and child survival among Jamsaris of Uttar Pradesh. Social Change, 23 (23): 159163. 28. Sureender, S. et al. , 1992. Divorce in India: A macro level analysis. Social Change, 22 (2). 15 How to cite Family Structure in India, Essay examples

Digital Innovation Emerging Technologies and Innovation

Questions: 1. Discuss why the emerging technologies are implemented or should be implemented and how to integrate and manage them in the selected organization?2. Discuss what new elements or changes to the existing organizational Procedures/processes are needed to successfully implement the emerging technologies?3. What factors will enable the acceptance of the implementation?4. What factors will prohibit the acceptance of the implementation?5. Prepare guidelines describing how the selected business/organization measures the success or failure of the implementations of the above mentioned emerging technologies?6. Develop a one page checklist required in order to ensure a smooth transition from the current system to the new system?7 Conclusions and recommendations Answers: Executive summary Technological advancement has become part and parcel of peoples lives and it is impacting all aspects of the organisational and personal life (Grol et al, 2013). Organisations these days constantly go for technological advancement and introduction of new and better technologies from time to time in order to stay ahead in the business. New and advanced technologies are introduced from time to time in all the sectors and industries in order to fasten the process and also make it more cost effective (Grol et al, 2013). This also helps in achieving an edge over the competitors by keeping the organisation ahead in the business. Tesco is one of the leading organisations in retail industry and the company is spreading its wings all over the world. The company had gone through many changes in past many years and the company also has to stay updated with all new technologies (Grol et al, 2013). Introduction Understanding of new technologies has become very crucial for the organisations these days. The report will examine that how introduction and effective implementation of new technologies are changing the way industries and staff or teams work and also organise the process (Grol et al, 2013). The report will also focus on new technologies and adopted and why it is important to adopt new technologies for the companies like Tesco. The main motive of this report is not on some specific set of technologies but rather it will analyse how the complete workforce is changing in process of adopting the technology which further help them in delivering better services (Grol et al, 2013). Background Employees and the people working for the organisations are the first and the most crucial set of people who get affected by the technological change and innovation in the company. Number of studies and researches shows that new technologies mean that many less qualified or less experienced staff can now easily do their job in a most effective manner without much delay and mistakes (Grol et al, 2013). There are many examples which can be taken here like introduction of broadband and Wi-Fi system which help in collection all sort of information in a flick of a second and also help in enhancing the productivity and effectiveness of the business (Grol et al, 2013). Communication and improvement in the information technology allows the workers and the employees to able to practice more professional collaboration and level of learning is always set on a new benchmark. Such technologies also allow the teams to be able to provide much effective results by achieving all the desired goals and objectives (Grol et al, 2013). Technology also helps in reducing the travelling time for the employees and which results in increased capacity, better concentration and more productivity. 1. There is no specific system by which new technologies can be implemented and adopted by the organisations since there are many significant and important changes within the team, companies and the countries which are adopting the change (Davenport, 2013). The innovation cycle also help in realising that there is a roll out of many new technologies which tend to follow the whole new process of discovery, adoption and diffusion. At the same time it is also important to understand that there is rarely any linear model which helps in getting many stages which can happens simultaneously (Davenport, 2013). It is obvious that in any organisation first set of people who get the knowledge of the technology since they have the easy access for it and they can decide future strategies of the organisation (Davenport, 2013). After the testing it is passed down to more junior staff to learn and implement it on more specific work. However, companies also face many problems while implementing the new technologies. Technologies are basically designed to support the administrative work which tends to be tested from time to time (Davenport, 2013). Many researches also suggest that many staff member fails in using the new technologies to the full extent. It is important to focus more on the expected advantages of new technologies, customers needs, value which is held by the staff peers and the leaders of the organisation (Davenport, 2013). It also helps in setting a communication system which helps in facilitating adoption of many new technologies by the company (Davenport, 2013). Impact of new technologies which help in getting better information and communication technologies and the staff changes can be associated with the help and support of the staff. It will also help in driving innovative practices in the organisation and also improve the overall process which directly impacts the efficiency and productivity of the staff (Davenport, 2013). 2. There is some positive impact also which help in challenging the staff and their intellect so that they motivate to perform better. This process also includes enhanced and extensive training since introducing a new technology is not a guarantee for the positive outcomes (Scarbrough Corbett, 2013.). It is important for the organisation like Tesco to have a simultaneous development in leadership, financial resources, personal and organisational relationship which will also help in engaging the customers for which coordination in the staff and constant development is needed (Scarbrough Corbett, 2013.). Apart from this, it is also significant to consider the workforce needs in order to develop and also gain most potential from various technologies. Here, the most crucial question is how workers and employees should be deployed in order to take complete advantage of many technologies available (Scarbrough Corbett, 2013.). 3. Implementation of technological innovation largely depends on the attitude of the workforce and the requirement of the change. It is also important to understand that the change is not always accepted positively (Scarbrough Corbett, 2013.). It is the responsibility of the organisation to accept the need of the change and also identify suitable technology for it (Scarbrough Corbett, 2013.). At the same time, the company will also have to work on circumstances of the organisation which will help the staff in accepting the change in a positive manner. Factors which will enable acceptance of change are mentioned below: - Introducing the new technology in a well-planned manner where employee can realise the importance of the change (Stark, 2011). Proper training program which enable employee to accept change positively. Coordination among the staff and the employers which will help in bringing a coordinated change in the organisation (Stark, 2011). 4. Implementation of new technology is a crucial process and in an organisation like Tesco which is huge company and have large amount of employees working for the, bringing change is not an easy process (Stark, 2011). A retail company specifically faces a lot of challenges since its a service industry where success of an organisation mainly depends on the shoulder of the employee (Stark, 2011). Following are the factors which will prohibit the acceptance of the implementation: - As discussed, introducing new technology is a very crucial process and if this process is not properly than there will be problem in implementing the change in proper manner and there can be resistance (Stark, 2011). Disparity in top level and lower level can also lead to hindrance in the implementation of the technologies in an effective manner. Lack of proper communication can also work as one of the factor as a hindrance in implementation process (Stark, 2011). 5. Following are the steps in measuring the success or failure of the implementation of the technologies: - Investigation: - prior of introducing of any new change and technology, it is important to recognise the issue that will address and also find the probable solutions (Stark, 2011). Planning: - the investigative part of the process helps in preparing the organisation for various new ideas and advanced technological change (Stark, 2011). A crucial and important factor which will help in achieving the employee acceptance is the maximum emphasis on reducing the disruption in the work Implementation Implementation: - it is the most crucial process and it initially requires installation and setup by the specialists and it also involve many people who will have to work on it and also understand the operations simultaneously (Stark, 2011). Evaluation: the final step is evaluation for the successful implementation of new technology into an organisation. For effective evaluation it is important to have a collaborative effort in order to solve organisational problems (Stark, 2011). 6. In order to achieve success Tesco will require implementing new technology and take care of following steps: - Engaging the work force Informing the workforce from time to time (McNaughton et al, 2010) Training people for proper implementation Budget allocation should also be calculated from time to time (McNaughton et al, 2010). 7. Conclusions Bringing new technology has become very important at the same time implementation it successfully will also help in understanding the success of the organisation (McNaughton et al, 2010). Implementation requires drafting a job description for every role in the organisation which will also include executive sponsor (McNaughton et al, 2010). In order to develop the proper role description, it is important to focus on three crucial areas which are discussed below: - Linking the role of new technology in the overall vision of the organisation and leaders have the responsibility to plant the seed of success which will only come from solid base by connecting individuals efforts with the organisational objectives (McNaughton et al, 2010). Gaining support and also communication the status of the organisation to the employees (McNaughton et al, 2010). Removing the obstacle and also coaching the members of the company from time to time. Reference Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). 2013.Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Davenport, T. H. 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Scarbrough, H., Corbett, J. M. 2013.Technology and Organization (RLE: Organizations): Power, Meaning and Deisgn. Routledge. Stark, J. 2011.Product lifecycle management(pp. 1-16). Springer London. McNaughton, B., Ray, P., Lewis, L. 2010. Designing an evaluation framework for IT service management.Information Management,47(4), 219-225.

A Dolls House Study Guide Essays

A Dolls House Study Guide Essays A Dolls House Study Guide Paper A Dolls House Study Guide Paper Essay Topic: A Dolls House In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women The fact that Nora pays the porter twice shows Norms wasteful habit, foresee downing that this might lead to problems in the future. 2. It also shows that Nora is obedient to Heeler in front of him,but it also show s another side Norms character as she continues to get what she wants behind his back. 3. Helmets pet names for Nora were: little lark, little squirrel, little spends whirr, and little feathered. These names show Nora as little in the eyes of Heeler giving her quality sees of animal. 4. Heeler shows to be a person who prefers to save money and avoid fro spending his money recklessly, He also believes in a life of no debt and no borrowing. Nora believe sees that money is for spending. Such a nature that she has inherited from her father. She also think S that she is allowed to spend more money now that Heeler is getting a job promotion, and getting g a bigger salary sum. 5. How does this set up a framework for future action? This starts to make this the plot. We already know that Nora likes to spend m none too much, and cant save anything. Hemmer is a man that doesnt like to borrow MO nee, This is what think is going to be the problem and whats going to be the problem in t e play. 6. What does Norms flirtatious behavior suggest about her relationship with Hell Nora and Heeler have a stable relationship, and they also sometimes have a serious and true relationship. Heeler also cares and criticizes her habit of spending none y too much. 7. What literary element is used when Heeler refers to Norms father, and what does Heeler say about the father? Heeler uses a simile to compare Norms money spending problem habits to h re dad. He consider Nora to be an odd little soul who always finds some new way of get ting money out of him. Heeler also says that once she has money it seems to melt in her hands similar to her father. 8. What does the reader learn when Heeler raises the subject of sweets, saying Hasnt Miss Sweetshop been breaking rules in town today? Heeler has actually prohibited Nora from eating sweetmeats, as he believes t hat it will ruin her teeth. Furthermore, she lies to him as she denies having to have taken a b tie or two on a macaroon. 9. When the family was short Of money, what did Nora do so they could all Caleb rate Christmas? What does this symbolize, and what does it suggest about her chaw acted? Nora sat in a room for a full three weeks beforehand, evening until long after midnight so that she could make ornaments for their Christmas tree. Norms doesnt want the family to lose out on anything due to money problems, and will do anything to everyone e can have a good time. 10. What does the reader infer about the Heeler family choice to have servants even when they are in tight economic circumstances? Given their circumstances, the fact that the Heeler family still chooses to have e servants can mean wealth, class and luxury, and could also say the heeler family likes to live a comfortable life. 11. When the doorbell rings, why does Heeler say, If it is a caller, remember that I am not at home? He believes most of his visitors arrive for requests about their financial dispose Zion and especially since he has recently been appointed at a high post in the bank, 12. How is Norms clandestineness illustrated in her initial conversation with Mrs.. Lined? He shares the perfect stories in order to maintain reputation and class in socio TTY. 13. More exposition occurs when Nora discusses Helmets early career with Mrs.. Lined. What does the reader learn about Helmets career? He used to be a barrister but will start to work at a bank in the New Year. Did not get much work as uncertain thing but he will start to receive more money as he assume s the job at the bank 14. What behavioral problem does Mrs.. Lined chide Nora about? Mrs.. Lined chides Nora for her money spending problems. 15. What does Nora reveal about how she and Heeler have managed financially? How did they raise the money needed to go to Italy for his health? What is significant about her comments? Nora says that both of them worked. Heeler was a lawyer, however since he didnt earn enough money at his office, so he chose to leave, when Nora and he got Mari De. Heeler overworked himself in order to provide for the family and fell critically ill. Nor a says she got money from her dad before he died to travel to Italy. 16. What does Mrs.. Lined admit about her marriage? She admits that she married her suburban for the money and there was no I eve in their relationship. 7. Why has Mrs.. Lined come to Norms house? Mrs.. Lined went to Norms house in search of help from her husband in either finding a job. 18. Mrs.. Lined says to Nora, . You know so little of the burdens and troubles of life. What literary devices are used here? Mrs.. Lined uses exaggeration to make her point about Norms experience of the e true world and reality. 19. What is Mrs.. Lindens initial reaction as Nor a begins to reveal the source of the 250 pounds? What does this conversation reveal about the status of women? Mrs.. Lined is baffled when Nora starts to reveal the source of the 250 pounds and begins to wonder where she got it from if it wasnt from her father. Mrs.. Lined states that t a wife cannot borrow without her husbands consent, which says that women hold a lower status in society than their husband or any man 20. Nora gives Mrs.. Lined a summary of the source of the funds. In terms of the wellhead play, why is this important? This is relative as a Wellhead play/ usually contains a strong and climatic bull UDP based on the suspense between characters through secrets and misunderstanding. Hen Nora reveals the truth of the money to Mrs.. Lined. It triggers the climatic and turning g point events. 21. How has Nora managed her own finances to address her debts? Nora has saved a bit up, she has also saved up by buying the simplest and chi pests stuff and saving the rest to pay her interests and installment payment. 22. Why has Norms work copying documents been so important? Copying documents ha s been very important for Nora, as she follows this job as her way for income and money last Christmas in order to pay off debts, 23. What dangers exist in Norms employment? Here are several tasks to perform in her employment so she loses track of the e money she has paid back,the remainder she owes continues to increase due to quarterly interests. 24. At this point in the play, where is the power allocated among Heeler, Nora, a ND Mrs.. Lined? At this moment in time, most of the power is allocated between Heeler and Mrs.. Lined in imprison to Nora. Heeler, because he is unaware of a Norms secret, which could destroy their family simply because of Helmets high moral values, hence why Nora has kept the borrowing of the money a secret in fear of the consequences. Mrs.. Lie need also has a fair share of power as she is let in on Norms secret and can use this to harm the Heeler family or blackmail Nora into getting her a job at Tortillas bank. After borrow Eng without her husbands consent, lying to her husband and getting a job to pay off the prove us debts, Nora seems to be quite powerless and subdued by the fear of Heeler and his reaction to re past actions which she is afraid might have dire consequences. 25. Who is Sarasota? Sarasota is a lawyer who suffers from great disrepute due to his past. He is CLC closely related to the Heeler family as Nora had previously borrowed money from him in or deer to pay for her husbands treatments and the family trip to the south. He is currently w irking at a very low post at the bank, which Dorval is due to join and feels threatened due to the arrival of Mrs.. Lined. He blackmails about revealing her secrets if she refuses to help hi m retain his position at the bank. For a first interaction with the audience, Sarasota pea s to be off very menacing and sinister character, which could possibly be a threat to the Heeler family. 6. What else could Sarasota possibly come to the Heeler home to discuss? Sarasota keeping in mind that he is aware of Norms dark secret, could have c mom to the Heeler home to discuss a raise or a promotion at the bank, which if he doses t attain with Tortillas help, he will force Nora to manipulate her husband. He says he has come to discuss bank business but he could use Dorval to help gain back his reputed ion in society. 27. What does the reader learn when Nora and Mrs.. Lined discuss Sarasota? The reader learns that Sarasota was once a solicitors clerk in Mrs.. Lindens to win, through which she has heard of him. We also learn that Sarasota had a very unhappy marriage and is now a widower and single parent. A sense of vagueness is noted when Mrs.. Lined say he carries on various kinds of business, but doesnt give detail about this. The is implies that he leads a private and a possibly immoral life and indulges in fraudulent buss news. 28. What is revealed in the conversation between Dry. Rank and Mrs.. Lined? It is revealed that in society in the earlier days, women were expected to be y nouns and vilely and not work. Dry. Rank taunts Mrs.. Lined of having some slight internal weakness when she states she cant manage stairs well. Furthermore he shows disbelief fee when she explains she hasnt come to town to amuse herself with entertainments, b UT in fact to kick for work. 29. What can the reader infer from Norms question as to whether all the people who are employed in the Bank are now dependent on Dorval? The nature of Norms question shows that she likes when Dorval has power a ND has people depend on him. Her overjoyed reaction to the Doctors answer shows that SSH e wants this to e the case as Ton,lad had previously said that living with debt means you are dependent on someone and your life is not your own, and with having people dependent on Dorval, it shows that he IS in power. This could also introduce her situation with the per son she previously borrowed money from to take the trip to the south. This also intro educes the theme of power as it is constantly iterated that power is greatly appreciated I n their society, and Nora believes that this could be a good thing for her family after their tribe ululations. 30. What is important about Norms offer of macaroons to Dry. Rank? Norms offer of macaroons to Dry. Rank show that she either shares a good real actions IP with him that she is allowing her secret of purchasing macaroons to be revealed. O r secondly, she is in a mood to celebrate news and hence does so. She provides Dry. Rank with something sweet to distract him, even though she knows that she is behaving irresponsibly and sharing forbidden sweetmeats with Dry. Rank. 31. How does Nora manage the conversation when she asks her husband to give Mrs.. Linden job? Nora approaches the subject very carefully and emphasizes the fact that Mrs.. Lined has taken a long journey in order to see Dorval. After this she uses persuasive la engage and praises Heeler in order manipulate and convince him into giving Mrs.. Lined a job. She praises both of them by saying, Christine is tremendously clever at bookkeeper inning as well emphasizing the fact that she is anxious to work under some clever man. The techniques helped to convince Dorval into considering helping Mrs.. Lined. 32. Why is Norms management of the conversation significant? Norms management of this conversation was significant as it depicts her pop re and influence over Dorval. Through this, the audience sees her ability to manipulate ate Dorval: his could also be a foreshadowing of another incident where she may be for cede to manipulate Dorval in order to keep her family in accord. This also shows that Dorval loves Nora a lot, as he allows her to direct his decisions in a society where women a re generally considered inferior and disallowed from making decisions or conducting the m generally. This also shows that Nora has been able to maintain Tortillas trust and Balkan CE a healthy relationship. 33. Why does Ibsen insert a scene of Nora romping with her children? The insertion of the scene of Nora romping with her children depicts Nora as young and lawful character who cares about her children very much. Her children adore her and this portrays her as a motherly figure that is dollied by her children. This support s the fact that she cares about her family as she has kept the debts a secret and is paying the me off individually in order to avoid any further strain to her husband. The placemen t of this scene also helps to lighten the mood of the play and comes across as a calm before the storm, as after this it is revealed to us that Nora is indebted to Sarasota. 4. What is Crossroads relationship with Nora? Sarasota is Norms moneylender and provides her money for the family to tar el to Italy in order to provide Dorval with the required treatment to save his life. Nora lied to Sarasota and forged her fathers signature on the official documents, which is later disc overfed by Dorval, who uses this secret to better his position at the bank wit h Norms hell p. He uses this crime to blackmail her into convincing Dorval to help him gain his repute Zion in society. 35. What is ironic about the following conversation? Nora : When anyone is in a subordinate position, Mr.. Sarasota, they should really b e careful to avoid offending anyone who-?who-? Sarasota : Who has influence? This conversation appears to be very ironic as Nora implies that Sarasota is in the subordinate position when dealing with bank matters with Dorval, hence she demands respect and warns him to be careful not to offend anyone, in this case herself, if he is expecting any changes with his situation at the bank and hoping to receive he Ip from Dorval. This is contradictory, as it has just been revealed that Sarasota know s that Nora forged her fathers signature on the loan documents, which gives Sarasota the e apprehend and the position to blackmail Nora who is seen as the subordinate in that mat term. Sarasota can use this to get Nora in trouble and hence, Nora should be really careful n tot to offend Sarasota since he has the evidence and influence to destroy her life. 36. What is discordant about Crossroads request that Nora influence Heeler in the e matter of Crossroads job? 37. Why does Sarasota think he is being fired? Sarasota believes that he will be fired as he saw Mrs.. Lined walk with Dorval and thinks that he is going to get her a job at the bank in order to replace Sarasota. Grog stand has a mindset that Dorval has the ability to influence decisions at the bank, cousin erring he will be asking up the post of the bank manager. Furthermore, this fear arises from the e thought that Dorval and him do not share the best working relations; hence his job at the bank is at risk. 38. In another example of exposition, what does Sarasota reveal about himself? Sarasota reveals to Mrs.. Heeler that he too on one incident, had committed a fraudulent act which was nothing more or nothing worse than what she had done. He also reveals that this indiscretion, what he considers himself guilty of was one false step, which h lost him all his reputation. Hence, in order to gain back his reputation, he is willing to go extents in order to secure his position at the bank and regain his reputation in society. 39. What does Sarasota mean when he says, l have the means to compel you? Sarasota tries to insinuate that due to Norms forgery of the signature and the fraud, which she committed when attempting to borrow the money, he has the power to manipulate her and force her to do things that she may disagree to. Furthermore, since Torts Id doesnt know that Nora approached Sarasota to borrow money for their trip, he cool d tell him causing disrepute to Nora. This example is seen when he tries to get Nora to c involve Dorval to secure his position at the bank, otherwise he threatens to reveal he r wallet secret. Through these means, Sarasota is going to compel Nora into doing HTH nags for his benefit, even if she disagrees to, as he currently has vital information that has the power to destroy her family and ruin her life and reputation in the society. 40. What is Norms reaction? Nora begins to panic and is afraid that if she doesnt comply with Crossroads w ashes, he will reveal her secret to Dorval.

Inventory management methods at Carrefour in UAE

Inventory management methods at Carrefour in UAE Introduction Inventory management refers to the process by which a business organization maintains an organized flow of goods in and out of the business enterprise. In so doing the organization team attempts to prevent the inventory becoming high or on the hand going down to levels that can affect the performance of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventory management methods at Carrefour in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Watson (p 32) in order to control the inventory management the people involved should zero in on some aspects that will act as a guide to them. The most important aspect regards to time keeping. He says that by keeping the inventory management the managing team is able to establish the amount of time spent in order for a distributor to process what has been ordered and also deliver. In addition he says that the inventory management helps in determining t he period that it has taken for a good delivered in the business to move out having being sold. Therefore bearing this in mind the management team is able to determine with minimal errors when to place an order of a particular commodity and of what quantity. To add on that he argues that inventory management helps in maintaining of accurate records of what has been delivered and what has been sold. As a result any cases of missing goods or varying figures in the receipts books can be cross checked in order to establish the correct figures. For taxation purposes the inventory management has been argued as adequate in providing the information required. Types of inventory management As the business strives to move forward it has to maintain a good inventory management so that it can be known what is required when, and in what quantity. It is as a result of this the management team has an option of choosing from a number of available inventory management. Today there are four major typ es of inventory management. They include the material requirements planning, multi echelon inventory optimization, single echelon inventory optimization, and the just in time inventory management system. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) According to Howard (p 121) under this type of inventory management the main emphasis is placed on the production schedules so that there is optimization of inventory levels. He argues that material requirement planning demands that inventory should be available in large quantities to ensure that they perform accordingly in the task required of them.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To add on that he states that inventory should be availed in time so that the business organization reduces the amount of money incurred. When using the material requirement planning the main component of it is the Bill of Material. According to him the Bill of Material is very useful in a business enterprise since it is the one used when it comes to the calculation of time that is needed to acquire raw materials used during the process of production. Single Echelon Inventory Optimization Watson (p 23) argues that single echelon inventory optimization is mainly used by the business organization that wants to maintain a single channel for distribution between itself and its clients. Due to its simplicity, he argues that this type of inventory management is used in large numbers by the small and medium business enterprises that have limited inventory channels of distribution. Multi-Echelon Inventory Optimization Contrary to the single echelon inventory optimization, this type of inventory management is mainly a reserve of the business enterprises that have many regional centers of distribution and also a number of centers to distribute their products. Just In Time (JIT) According to Howard (p 126) this inventory managemen t system is designed in such a way the company or the business organization is able to have a minimum inventory holding costs. He notes that under this system the business organization should only place an order to the supplier after that particular good has been asked for by a customer. He says that the company in most of the time has in the shelves what they think is the goods asked for by the customers in many incidences. As a result Watson (p 25) argues that the company ensures that their inventory holding costs are low and that way they do not stand a chance of non moving goods within their enterprise. What are the methods used in Carrefour UAE Carrefour is a retail chain from France that for over the last 40 years emerged as one of the leading retail outlets all over the world in terms of revenue collected, profit, and the number of staff employed. During that period Carrefour has managed to establish many outlets in different parts of the world particularly in Europe, South A merica, North Africa, and the Middle East.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventory management methods at Carrefour in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, various scholars have looked at the measure put in place in order to achieve this success that many other retail outlets in different parts of the world have not been able to do. In their discussion one common feature that they all talk about is the use of efficient inventory management in order to control the movement of their stock. According to Muller (p 232) within the Carrefour business the most used inventory management system is the Just In Time (JIT). As earlier discussed this kind of inventory management system is greatly beneficial to the company because in one way it helps the company not to stock non moving goods which can in the long run play a part in making the company realize a loss. Under this system the company receives an o rder of a certain commodity from the client. In response the company places an order from the supplier for that commodity to be delivered. Once brought to the company, the commodity is taken to the client’s house hold. Using the Just In Time method the company is guaranteed that the goods they have in stock especially the heavy house hold items like fridge, and other electronics goods are bound to be bought because they are in stock because the customers asked for them. However, other frequently used house hold goods are usually stocked without using the Just In Time inventory system. In addition to that Institute of Grocery Distribution (p 235) argues that Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is also used in the Carrefour business. They say that when using this inventory management, the company is able to ensure that their orders are processed on time by the suppliers. Although this is not used most of the time, they argues that it is useful to the company because the stock in business enterprise is closely monitored and therefore appropriate measures put in place to mare sure that no stock runs out without new one being ordered.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of this the clients would always find most of the things that they have come to shop. An example of the goods that may fall under this category of inventory management system is the household goods that are used by many people in their homes such as food stuffs and drinks. Multi Echelon Inventory Optimization on the other hand is used when it comes to the distribution of goods to the company branches. According to Koontz (p 476) Carrefour is a business enterprise with many outlets being found in various cities I the United Arab Emirates. Such cities include Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharja. Therefore, to coordinate the activities of these outlets there is need to have a central position from which goods are distributed to the outlets. As a result of this the people working in the distributing centre has to maintain the Multi Echelon Inventory Optimization so that they can easily record and know the amount of stock disbursed to a certain outlet. Using this method the company is able to maintain a tracking system to know if the goods were taken to their intended destination. He therefore argue that chances of doctoring figures on the way are minimized and this goes a long way in making sure that the company profits continue to grow in leaps and bounds. Today Carrefour in United Arab Emirates has invested a lot of money in the information technology as well as communication so that they can track their sales and merchandise inventories in the entire branches in the country. In so doing the company has been able to reduce unproductive inventory by a way of letting the outlets manage their own stocks. Instead of reducing inventory across the board, Carrefour management has used its advanced information technology system to avail many inventories for goods demanded for mostly by the clients. In so doing the company has been able to keep their inventory levels as low as possible. Furthermore, the company has also been using bar coding and radio frequency tech nology in managing her inventories. Under this method the goods are directed to the dock from where they are loaded for shipments. The bar coding that they use helps them to pick and receive good inventory control. In addition this system helps in easier counting of the inventories physically. Advantages of Inventory Management In any business enterprise whether small or big inventory is very important because it helps the business maintain the required inventory levels to avoid incurring unnecessary costs. Inventory management has a number of advantages that include the following. Inventory management helps in understanding the demand and supply. Therefore the company avoids stocking too much of unwanted goods or under stocking. This is because maintaining the inventory management helps in establishing the trends of goods movement. In addition maintaining inventory management helps the company reduce liabilities. Koontz (p 467) says that by looking at the movement of goods out of t he shop, the management of the business can know when to buy certain goods and in what quantities to avoid over stocking that may lead to losses. Therefore by maintaining inventory management chances of stocking unwanted goods are minimized. Other advantage is that it helps the management knows when to make orders of certain goods and also stream line its operations. Disadvantages of Inventory Management According to Muller (p 231) inventory management has been noted to have three disadvantages that include the following. At first is the bureaucracy that gives a lee way to the employees to manipulate the available stock in the business. Secondly we have the production problem he says that although the company is able to know the stock available, it is not able to know the quality of the goods they are selling. Conclusion In today’s world companies like Carrefour have spread in many parts of the globe as a result of proper planning and efficient management. Therefore, this can be a wake up call to those businesses that has for long been struggling to survive. Maintaining an inventory is paramount in order to identify the movement of goods in and out of the company. Howard, Elizabeth. Carrefour: a study of a hypermarket and its effect. Avon: Avon County Planning Department, 1999. Institute of Grocery Distribution. Carrefour: A Strategic Review. Michigan: Institute of Grocery Distribution, 2002. Koontz. Essentials of management 8E. New York: Tata McGraw Hill Education, 1990. Muller, Mike. Essentials of inventory management. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, 2003. Watson, Anthony. Best practice in inventory management. Abington: Elsevier, 2002.

Benchmarking Sustainability Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Benchmarking Sustainability Practices - Essay Example Benchmarking sustainability practices is an important area for all businesses to focus on strongly. Sustainability issues maintain the level of success and profitability for the organization and allow them to reap further rewards and benefits from the business that they are conducting. The use of benchmarking practices can be successful for all organization in implying those business practices that can derive the optimum level of successful results. The economic benefits, the environmental benefits and the growth of the tourism business can allow it to measure its success with the sustainability benchmarking practice. Tourism business is a very versatile business and to maintain its success level its sustainability elements need to be worked upon closely and made sure that the best benchmarking practices are implemented. The other businesses in which sustainability benchmarking practices can be used are the pharmaceutical sectors. The pharmaceutical business needs to be constantly making sustainable improvements and maintain their level of products. Sustainable benchmarking practices are extremely important to practice in the pharmaceutical industry. The housing sector business can also use the sustainability benchmarking practices for making their business successful and profitable in the industry. The housing sector may be faced with constant change in demands from the customers and therefore they need to maintain their level of quality and price. Sustainability benchmarking practices can be used widely in the housing sector business.

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals Lab Report

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals - Lab Report Example The evidence is processed and note taking is performed during serology analysis as this is the first time the evidence is unwrapped in the laboratory. It is the responsibility of the serologists for documenting the type, quality and packaging of the evidence that is received in the laboratory. The serological methods adopted for the Forensic serology examination are straightforward. The identification of biological fluids is performed using presumptive and confirmatory testing. The presumptive encompass sensitive and specific test of the bodily fluid. It narrows the areas to be focused on. It provides the possibility of presence of bodily fluid in the specimen. This may result in false positives and therefore confirmatory tests are performed specific to the bodily fluid (Gefrides, L). Semen is a bodily fluid produced by male individual for fertilization. In the forensic study the semen is simplified in two components: seminal fluid and spermatozoa. Seminal fluid is rich in amino acid s, sugars, salts, ions and other organic and inorganic materials elaborated as a heterogeneous gelatinous mass contributed by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and Cowper’s glands. Spermatozoa refors to â€Å"sperms†, the male gametes or sex cells produced in the testis. It is evident that all men do not produce spermatozoa, especially those who have had a vasectomy, birth defects or as a result of some diseases, the seminal fluid will either not contain spermatozoa or contain very few. Body fluids like blood, saliva, urine.... It is imperative that the time between the assault and the examination can be a critical factor in the accurate diagnosis of bodily fluids because longer the time span more will be the loss of the evidence (Gefrides, L). The evidence is processed and note taking is performed during serology analysis as this is the first time the evidence is unwrapped in the laboratory. It is the responsibility of the serologists for documenting the type, quality and packaging of the evidence that is received in the laboratory. The serological methods adopted for the Forensic serology examination are straightforward. The identification of biological fluids is performed using presumptive and confirmatory testing. The presumptive encompass sensitive and specific test of the bodily fluid. It narrows the areas to be focused on. It provides the possibility of presence of bodily fluid in the specimen. This may result in false positives and therefore confirmatory tests are performed specific to the bodily fl uid (Gefrides, L). Semen is a bodily fluid produced by male individual for fertilization. In the forensic study the semen is simplified in two components: seminal fluid and spermatozoa. Seminal fluid is rich in amino acids, sugars, salts, ions and other organic and inorganic materials elaborated as a heterogeneous gelatinous mass contributed by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and Cowper's glands. Spermatozoa refors to "sperms", the male gametes or sex cells produced in the testis. It is evident that all men do not produce spermatozoa, especially those who have had a vasectomy, birth defects or as a result of some diseases, the seminal fluid will either not contain spermatozoa or contain very few. It is therefore imperative to forensically examine the

Improving Organizational Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Improving Organizational Performance - Essay Example In order to effectively implement process improvement process in the department, it is essential to first realize the exact meaning of the term. Process improvement process or PIP has been defined as – â€Å"a method to introduce process changes to improve quality, reduce costs, or accelerate schedules† (Mohapatra, 2012, p.43). Hence it represents a number of steps that need to be considered for the organization, which will â€Å"identify, analyze and improve† the existing processes and problems within the company.It is essential that a specific method is followed for this purpose by the entire management. Also, it would be suggested to take advantage of the most advanced and current technologies and processes for improving the quality and safety in the production department of the organization.   Safety training is considered as one of the most effective means to achieve safe production in an organization. It has been obtained that safety training allows an organization to achieve improvement in safety management level, and helps the management to achieve improvement in safety quality, safety skills, and safety consciousness. For this purpose, advanced training methods can be used combining them with the needs of the organization, with continuous improvement being the central issue focused on the innovation and development of the processes.  However, there are some problems that are associated with safety training.  

Use of Stem Cells on Ageing Prevention

Use of Stem Cells on Ageing Prevention ELA KING Abstract This scientific report will look at stem cells and their abilities to prevent ageing. My[DS1] research was mostly qualitative, secondary research which didnt cost any money to conduct. I have discovered through writing this report that in the future it may be possible to achieve biological immortality with the aid of stem cells, either by altering the genes of human stem cells or by using other biologically immortal organisms stem cell information. However stem cell research is controversial and it will be many years before stem cell research will have developed to the point that biological immortality will be feasible. Introduction Ageing can be described in many ways. It is often used to refer to a passage in time in which someone gets older. Ageing in humans can be judged on the number of years lived and on appearance both external and internal such as grey hair and organs no longer working the way they are supposed to. This is because ageing leads to a decline in the regenerative abilities of all the tissues and organs in the body. [Kirkwood T.B, 2005]. This is connected to a decline in stem cell function. Why would we want to prevent or reverse ageing? Whilst a person cannot simply die of old age, as a person gets older there are more chances of genetic mutations and damage from the environment which can lead to a person being more likely to get a disease or condition. When a person ages, their cells can no longer defend themselves against diseases as well as they could when the person was younger. This means that as a person ages, they become more vulnerable to injuries and diseases [Radford B, 2012]. If it was made possible to prevent ageing, this would mean that the average life span would increase dramatically and it may be possible for humans to become biologically immortal. What is biological immortality? Biological immortality is the idea that whilst you are able to die (by disease or other means), you do not age. This would mean that a person with biological immortality would no longer experience loss of physiological function. This would allow people to stay relatively healthy whilst also not looking as though they were ageing [ Despain D, 2010]. There are many ways in which people believe biological immortality can be achieved, either through lifestyle changes or genetic changes. One particular way focuses on stem cells. What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which are able to become other cells. Stem cells are also able to self-renew. There are two main types of stem cells, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are found in human blastocyts which are newly fertilised eggs (three-five days old) which are created by IVF. These stem cells are used in various therapies and tests and can be grown into any organ in the body[DS2]. The other main types of stem cells are Adult stem cells, also known as Tissue-specific stem cells. These stem cells generate the same type of cell of the organ or tissue that it lives on. However, adult stem cells dont self-renew as easily as embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells can be studied to show a lot about the process of ageing. [closerlookatstemcells.org , 2015] Adult stem cells are essential for the maintenance of organs and tissues of mammals during their lives. With age, this maintenance is decreased due to the deterioration of co-ordination from molecular signalling. This leads to organs and tissues not being rejuvenated as quickly or as well in an older mammal than that of a younger one [Silva H. and Conboy I.M, 2008]. This means that overtime organs and tissues would become weaker and more susceptible to failure. If an animals stem cells were to remain fully functioning for a longer period of time, this would increase the time before organs and tissues begin to lose functionality and if the stem cells were able to be fully functional forever, then an animal would achieve biological immortality. How can stem cells be used to achieve biological immortality? Organisms such as the Hydra (Hydra oligactis), an animal related to the jellyfish, have achieved biological immortality. Whilst its unknown exactly how long the Hydra lives, a Hydra which was kept in captivity for 4 years remained unchanged which is remarkable for a creature of its size (15mm). The Hydras biological immortality can be attributed to its stem cells which are able to renew and regrow parts of the Hydras body. Using 3 different types of stem cell populations, the Hydra is able to fully create clones of itself. Scientists found that the 3 types of stem cells all contained the same gene, the FoxO (a protein thought to be anti-ageing) and when this gene is removed the Hydra ages [Barras C, 2015]. If scientists were able to isolate this gene and place it into the DNA of another organism, theoretically another non-ageing organism would have been created. However, trying this with humans is likely to be a long way off as many people believe it would be unethical to conduct thi s sort of experiment on a human[DS3]. Other animals are also able to rejuvenate themselves using stem cells. Limbs and complex organs such as eyes and kidneys are able to be re-grown once lost or damaged. These animals such as frogs and fish either use pluripotent cells (stem cells able to differentiate into different cell types eg. Embryonic stem cells) to regenerate the whole limb or different types of stem cells to regenerate the different types of tissue like humans. So whilst humans use different types of stem cells for the maintenance of different tissues, humans arent able to rejuvenate their tissues to this level. This could be because humans are mammals and therefore lack the ability to direct stem cells to different parts of the body like certain amphibians. Future research will show why humans are lack this capability [Tanaka E, 2015]. Another possible method of using stem cells to achieve biological immortality would be to alter genes in order for more microRNAs to be produced. MicroRNAs are snippets of genetic material which can be linked to growth regulation in cells. MicroMRNAs keep cells dividing as they prevent stop signals that stop cells from dividing. Using microMRNAs, ageing stem cells could be made to keep dividing for a longer period of time therefore meaning that the stem cells would be able to maintain organs and tissues for longer. However, microRNAs have also been linked to the development of cancer when produced in abundance. Therefore, finding the right amount of microRNAs to boost ageing stem cells whilst also making sure that cancer growth and tumours arent created at the same time is essential. Scientists also have to identify which, out of the 200+ human microMRNAs, is responsible for keeping stem cells dividing [Boyle A, 2005]. There has been further research into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. A gene has been discovered called Nanog in the embryonic stem cells which allowed it to remain youthful. This would allow for later research to be done in order to give adult stem cells the pluripotent properties of ESCs which would eliminate the need to harvest embryonic stem cells from blastocyts for medical treatments [Bhattacharya S, 2003]. Adult stem cells would become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This would now be able to rejuvenate other somatic cells (any cell making up an organism other than gametes and undifferentiated cells). The iPS cells would be able to create new somatic cells for an indefinite period of time. This would mean that cells lifespan would be able to be increased [West M.D, 2013]. Currently, stem cells are used in various rejuvenation therapies from degenerative and debilitating conditions to cosmetic and dermatological therapies. Stem cell transplants are also used to treat some forms of cancer such a leukaemia and lymphoma. The stem cells are adult stem cells which are either collected from the patient themselves or are donor stem cells. These stem cells are collected and transplanted in order to replace the stem cells killed in other cancer treatments [stem cell transplants, cancerresearchuk.org]. Some other stem cell therapies use donor placentas from healthy young mothers. Stem cell therapies are still not risk free, even when using the patients own stem cells, complications can arise. Whilst stem cells arent yet used to create organs for organ transplants, progress is being made in creating organs from scratch purely using stem cells. Working organs have been created, however it will be at least another 10 years of research and millions of pounds invested before the process is deemed fit to use on human patients [The Guardian, 2014]. What ethical concerns surround stem cell research? Stem cell research is opposed by a lot of people. The majority of those people are religious who believe that life starts at conception. This would mean that using blastocyts created through IVF for medical research would be equivalent to testing on living humans. Those who agree with stem cell research do not believe that life starts at conception and/or believe that the benefits of stem cell research and its future of curing various conditions outweigh the risks and harm[DS4]. Conclusion Stem cell research leads to an exciting future where current debilitating conditions will be able to be cured, ageing will be prevented and more will be discovered about how stem cells work and the many ways they can be harnessed to improve humans quality of life. In the future this could lead to life spans dramatically increasing, but is that necessarily a good thing? This could lead to various issues such as overpopulation and other social changes, such as a change in the age of retirement [Emanuel P, 2005]. Will stem cell research continue after we have found the key to biological immortality? Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dekkel Simmons and Andre Mostert for supporting me during the process of writing this scientific report. References Barras C. 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